Esters derived from carboxyl acid are the most common esters which are produced by the reaction of alcohols and carboxylic acids in the presence of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. Biobased ester products typically consist of long-chain fatty acid alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl) esters derived from triglycerides present in vegetable oil, animal fat, or plant lipids by transesterification type reactions. They are widely used in various applications such as paints & coatings, personal care products, lubricants, plastics, construction, textile, and paper.
The chemical reactions of sugars are largely that of the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. The aldehyde and ketone groups in sugars undergo redox reactions to produce new substances. The common reactions of sugars include alkylation, acylation, reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis and glycosylation. For the chemical synthesis of complex carbohydrate molecules, the main challenge is to build glycosidic linkages connecting the monomeric units with proper stereo and regiochemical orientation. Here we mainly talk about the glycosylation of sugars.
Dalbergin is a natural product found in the wood, stem bark and root of Dalbergia sissoo, Machaerium spp., Oxytropis falcate, Dalbergia odorifera. The sources are listed as below.
| Plant source | Part | Plant source | Part |
|---|---|---|---|
| D. sissoo | Heartwood, stembark, mature pods | D. cearensis | Trunkwood |
| D. latifolia | Heartwood, bark, sap wood | D. nitidula | Heartwood |
| D. baroni | Heartwood | D. volubilis | Stembark, twigs |
| D. cultrata | Heartwood | D. miscolobium | Heartwood |
| D. riparia | Wood | D. spinosa | Root |
| D. oromandeliana | Root | M. scleroxylon | Heartwood, sapwood |
| G. marginata | Heartwood | P. macrocarpa | Heartwood |
Dalbergin has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It has been reported that dalbergin and nordalbergin have the ability to inhibit the degradation of vitamins in low strength beer and beverages. In addition, dalbergin can be used in the treatment of coronary heart disease, nerve disorders, cerebral infarction, etc.
Artemisinin, also called qinghaosu, is a derived lactone from extracts of sweet wormwood and are well established for the treatment of malaria, including highly drug-resistant strains. In the genus Artemisia, the species A. annua and its fresh leaves in the alabastrum stage contain abundant artemisinin. As the active components of A. annua may be destroyed during the extraction process under heating, Tu [1] reported a low-temperature extraction method of the plant.
Biobased esters have so many potential applications. For example, as the biobased esters can provide the plastic with superior material strength while having a negligible effect on the surrounding environment, the market of biobased esters in plastic industry is growing rapidly all over the world. Esters derived from biological sources are utilized in a wide variety of applications, including but not limited to paints and coatings, personal care products, lubricants, plastics, construction, textiles, and paper. The global market for biobased esters is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 9% during the forecast period of 2022 to 2030.
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Reference
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